Background: During recent years, scientists have presented several methods for treating infertility; these methods occasionally are highly efficient for infertile couples but can be concerning because of legal and ethical issues. One of these methods is surrogacy. Surrogacy is used when the main etiology of infertility is in the uterus caused by these three reasons: lack of uterine‚ congenital and acquired uterine abnormalities; in these cases the women can’t become pregnant‚ and surrogacy is a way for having children in all of them. Contract of surrogacy is an agreement which a women (substitute’s mother) will agree against the couple that to carry embryo and to birth the child for them. Genetic relationship of substitute’s mother whit embryo has two forms: 1-substitute’s mother to carry parent’s sperm and egg according to the agreement that called “full surrogacy”. 2- Substitute’s mother to carry embryo resulting from paternal sperm to fertilize whit her egg that called “partial surrogacy”. In this paper, we will study the civil responsibility (including contractual responsibility and tort liability) of the parties to a surrogacy contract. We are going to answer the question of whether it is possible to claim damages resulting in breaching the terms of contract by one party and whether one can ask the court to make the contract breaker to perform his specific obligations.Materials and Methods: Regarding the lack of law about surrogacy it has been attempted to find a proper answer to the issue by reliance on general rules of contracts and jurisprudence (fiqh).Results: Contractual responsibility occurs when the parties violate the contract provisions. To demonstrate the contractual responsibility in surrogacy it is not enough to simply rely on Article 10 of the civil code and the general rules of contracts. It is necessary to enact a particular act in this regard so that parties (substitute’s mother and the couple applicant of child) might be able to make an agreement with complete knowledge of their rights and obligations. Also, in case of violating the provisions of contract by one party, the other one could claim damages resulting in non-performance. In tort liability, parties violate the legal and general obligations. Tort liability does not arise from contracts between parties but it is violation of general obligations and the behavior of a reasonable man. Since surrogacy is a new method, there is no special practice with respect to it and it is not possible to determine the cases where violation of the behavior of a reasonable man and committing a fault has occurred. However, these problems require the lawmaker to cover the issue of surrogacy and ratify a precise law in this regard.Conclusion: Surrogacy requires the lawmaker to cover the issue of surrogacy and ratify a precise law in this regard. Otherwise will ignore the public order.

Despite the significance of full coordination of N-echelon supply chains in real-world decision-making situations, the relevant literature has rarely addressed this issue. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of mathematical models in the supply chain management literature for partially coordinated cases. To address these shortcomings, this study concerns both the full and partial coordination in serial N-echelon supply chains facing stochastic demand. In particular, three general cases including decentralized (no coordination), sub-supply chain coordination (partial coordination) and centralized (full coordination) cases are examined to support decisions on ordering and pricing. In addition, this study adds to the literature by investigating how to coordinate a serial N-echelon supply chain through a new spanning profit sharing contract, which can coordinate the entire supply chain through only one contract. Furthermore, we analytically prove the occurrence of externality benefit in partially coordinated cases, which is a paradoxical phenomenon suggesting that small coalitions are unstable. Two numerical examples extracted from the literature are given to verify the effectiveness and validity of the proposed contracts and models. The results show that the proposed contracts can be applied in a rather simple and convenient way and is reliable enough for use in real-world applications.

One of the basic issues in the economic analysis of contract law is the position of remedy enforcement concerning the specific performance along with its connection to the termination of contract and payment of damages which are presented in this study. In fact, the common law and civil law systems have predicted a set of different regulations in this regard. in common law, damages are taken into account as a general remedy for the breach of contractual obligations where in some exceptional cases, an execution of the specific performance is possible. Nonetheless, in civil law systems, a public remedy for breaching contractual obligations is equal to the execution of the specific performance and the termination of contract as well as considering damages as exceptions…